This article was originally published by Michael Dioguardi at The Mises Institute.
Previously, I have argued that sovereign credit systems are structurally biased toward expansion: crises justify new interventions, those interventions are never fully reversed, and each cycle leaves behind a higher institutional baseline than before. The Cantillon effect ensures that the gains from monetary expansion distribute unevenly, flowing first to those nearest the financial system.
In another article, I examined why market discipline cannot correct this: Banking regulation assigns zero risk weights to sovereign bonds; liquidity rules mandate their ownership; central bank collateral frameworks treat them as foundational assets. The system is not merely insulated from discipline, the regulatory architecture ensures that insulation compounds over time.
Those two pieces established the machinery. This one follows its output to the logical destination: the household budget. The affordability crisis in housing, healthcare, and education is not a market failure. It is the cumulative distributional consequence of a sovereign credit system that resolves economic stress through expansion rather than liquidation, shifting the cost onto the consumers least positioned to absorb it.
Cantillon at the Checkout Counter
Richard Cantillon observed in the eighteenth century that the sequence in which new money enters an economy matters as much as the quantity. Early recipients spend at old prices. By the time money reaches later recipients, prices have adjusted. The gain is not shared, it is transferred.
In a sovereign credit system, the sequence is not random. New money enters through Treasury issuance, absorbed by primary dealers and backstopped by Federal Reserve open market operations. It moves through financial institutions before it reaches labor markets. Asset prices adjust before wages. This is not a side effect of the system; it is the transmission mechanism.
The data confirm it. The Federal Reserve balance sheet expanded from under one trillion dollars in 2008 to nearly $9 trillion at its 2022 peak, before settling near $6.6 trillion in early 2026. Over that same period, real median household income grew modestly while household net worth surged, driven almost entirely by asset appreciation. Median home prices more than doubled. Real wages for production workers rose far more slowly. The household that owns assets lives in a different economy from the one that sells labor. Sovereign credit expansion built that divide.
How Regulation Compounds the Problem
Sovereign debt is insulated from market discipline through Basel capital frameworks and liquidity coverage mandates. What deserves emphasis here is that the regulatory architecture does not merely preserve this insulation; it causes it to deepen with each successive crisis.
The evidence is straightforward. Bank Policy Institute data show that the share of US Treasury securities in large bank total assets rose from 3 percent in 2013 to 11 percent in 2024—a near-fourfold increase driven explicitly by post-crisis capital and liquidity requirements. The BIS itself acknowledges that the existing regulatory treatment of sovereign exposures is more favorable than that of other asset classes and could exacerbate the negative aspects of the sovereign-bank nexus. The institution that sets the rules is on record stating that those rules compound the problem.
A 2023 BIS quarterly review documents that the rise in US bank Treasury holdings continued a pre-pandemic trend, driven specifically by liquidity requirements and bilateral margin rules introduced after 2010. The ECB has characterized this dynamic as a form of financial repression through regulatory design: governments encourage banks to hold sovereign debt through rules rather than market incentives. The result is a captive market for government borrowing that grows more captive with each new regulatory layer.
Capital diverted into regulatory-mandated sovereign debt does not flow into private mortgage lending, construction financing, or small business credit. The consumer pays twice: once through the asset inflation that sovereign credit expansion generates, and again through the foregone productive investment that tighter private capital produces.
The Ratchet Meets the Price Index
The first article described the ratchet mechanism through the work of Robert Higgs: government expands during crises and only partially contracts afterward, leaving each cycle with a higher baseline of intervention. The affordability implication is specific and measurable. Each crisis-driven expansion resets the price floor upward in the sectors most penetrated by sovereign credit.
The Consumer Price Index for shelter has risen persistently faster than overall CPI for over a decade. Medical care costs follow the same trajectory. College tuition and fees have outpaced general inflation for so long that the divergence is treated as a natural law rather than a policy outcome. These three sectors share a structural feature: all three are heavily penetrated by sovereign credit, through federally-backed mortgage markets, Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, and federal student lending. The ratchet does not lift all prices equally; it lifts prices most where government financing is most concentrated.
This is what converts the ratchet into an affordability crisis. Federal debt stood near 122 percent of GDP in late 2025, up from under 60 percent before the 2008 crisis. Each increment represents a prior crisis intervention that was never fully unwound. Each intervention that was never fully unwound represents a price floor that was never allowed to reset. The affordability crisis is the cumulative price effect of a government that has responded to every stress event with expansion rather than liquidation.
The Political Response Becomes the Next Price Driver
This is the recursive feature of the system that distinguishes it from ordinary inflation. The political response to the affordability crisis becomes part of the affordability crisis.
When sovereign credit finances programs designed to make essential goods more accessible, those programs inflate the prices of the goods they subsidize. This is not a paradox; it is price theory operating inside a credit-distorted market. Federal student lending expanded access to higher education by expanding the pool of dollars competing for a supply of credentials that cannot increase as quickly as credit. Tuition at four-year institutions has risen at roughly twice the rate of general inflation since the loan programs reached scale. The federally-backed mortgage market expanded homeownership by expanding credit capacity, which capitalized that capacity into home prices. Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates set price floors across the healthcare system that private payers then negotiate against.
Each program is financed through sovereign credit. Each produces price inflation in the sector it was designed to make affordable. Each round of inflation generates political demand for a larger program. The loop does not close; it tightens.
Why the Mechanism Stays Invisible
What sustains this system politically is the length of its causal chain. The transmission runs from Treasury issuance through primary dealer balance sheets to Federal Reserve asset purchase programs to bank portfolio allocation shaped by capital and liquidity rules to asset price inflation to the cost of rent, medical care, and education.
By the time the cost lands in a household budget, it arrives without attribution. Frustration over rising costs generates demand for more intervention rather than less.
Public choice theory predicts exactly this: concentrated benefits and dispersed costs produce political pressure for expansion. Sovereign credit makes the expansion financially viable. The opacity makes it politically sustainable. Austrian monetary theory, the Higgs ratchet, and public choice incentives are not three parallel explanations for the affordability crisis. They are three interlocking mechanisms producing a single outcome: a system that exports its costs to the people least able to see where those costs originate.
The Argument the Policy Debate Is Not Having
Rent control, student debt cancellation, drug price negotiation, and housing subsidies are responses to real cost pressures. None addresses the mechanism producing those pressures. Each is financed through the same sovereign credit system that inflated the prices in question, which means each contributes to the next iteration of the loop. The BIS regulatory treatment paper documents the structural preference for sovereign debt in global banking. The Federal Reserve balance sheet data records the scale of each expansion. The price indexes for shelter, medical care, and education record the consumer-level output. The connection between these data series is not speculative, it is embedded in the institutional structure described by the previous articles mentioned.
Genuine reform requires confronting that structure directly: the zero-risk weights that insulate sovereign debt from market pricing, the liquidity mandates that create captive demand for government bonds, and the crisis response framework that guarantees the next expansion before the current one has unwound.
The affordability crisis is not what happens when markets fail, it is what happens when a sovereign credit system that cannot discipline itself exports its costs to the people least able to see where those costs come from.
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